Indeed, it was suggested, if the pope would pardon Scottish lairds who had fallen into heresy and acquired Church properties, many more would come to her aid. the throne, she saw that it was politically expedient (and perhaps 43 Lock posited that many of these proclamations were destroyed after the invasion failed, but quotes no evidence for this suggestion: Strange Usurped Potentates, 351471. 35, declaration of James Fitzgerald to the people of Ireland. That was a typical Roman face-saver. 19 TNA, SP 78/2, fol. off from the unity of the body of Christ. By Pope Pius V Originally written in 1570 Available online at http://tudorhistory.org/primary/papalbull.html One of the first matters to which Elizabeth I (1533-1603) turned her attention after taking power in 1558 was the problem of religious conflict. He that reigneth on high, to whom is given all Power in Heaven & in Earth, committed one Holy, Catholick and Apostolick Church (out of which there is no Salvation) to one alone upon Earth, namely to Peter the Prince of the Apostles, and to Peters Successor the Bishop of Rome, to be governed in fulness of Power. Not that the majority of people wanted that, but some of the young, restless, sons of the gentry, who were unemployed because Elizabeth overlooked their talents, were only too willing to get themselves drawn in to attempts to release Mary and put her on the throne. Frequently called to Rome, he displayed his unflinching zeal in all the questions on which he was consulted. And moreover, we do declare Her to be deprived of her pretended Title to the Kingdom aforesaid, and of all Dominion, Dignity, and Priviledge whatsoever. of replacing her with a Catholic. We do not know. 39, the bishop of Carlisle to the earl of Sussex, 16 October 1570; SP 52/29, fol. 5 Why was the Pope a threat to Elizabeth? News of the rebellion had been sent to Rome from early December; Pius V wrote to the duke of Alba about his concern for the rebels in early February: Hicks, J. M., ed., Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs Preserved Principally at Rome in the Vatican Archives and Library, 1, Elizabeth 15581571 [Hereafter: CSP Rome] (London, 1916), 315Google Scholar16, 3245. "Pope Pius V's Bull Against Elizabeth (1570)." Henry is best known for his six marriages, and his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled.His disagreement with Pope Clement VII about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. - Elizabeth set up Protestant church in 1559, in the Religious Settlement - from the 1570s onwards, she increased penalties against Catholics (e.g. Enter a Crossword Clue Sort by Length ", In his fourth point, he said "And moreover (we declare) her to be Pope who excommunicated Elizabeth I / SUN 3-18-18 / Huck Finn possessive / Judas's question to Lord / Term for whole in Swiss cheese / Metallic S-shaped piece. Copyright 2023, Christianity.com. The publication of the bull of excommunication was soon followed by trouble for Elizabeth, with the Ridolfi Plot, a Catholic plot to assassinate Elizabeth and to replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots, being uncovered just a year after Elizabeth was excommunicated. Pius V is often credited with the origin of the Pope's white garments, supposedly because after his election Pius continued to wear his white Dominican habit. Theyre everywhere at the office, on holiday, in the waiting room, at the airport, and even in , Advertisement Uncovering the mystery of truth behind a crime novel requires acute investigative skills. It put Elizabeth I in danger and it put Catholics in an impossible situation. ", The pope went on to excommunicate Elizabeth. Terminologies and Types Read More , Advertisement A delayed train event was the reason why a guy from London, UK started to play crosswords and challenge other passengers while waiting. Elizabeth wasnt making windows but she was sure making spy holes. Even private Mass now became impossible. 17 TNA, SP 52/25, fol. - pope excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570, too late to be effective. ), The Continuity of Catholicism in the English Reformation, Resistance and Compromise: The Political Thought of Elizabethan Catholics, Law and Conscience: Catholicism in Early Modern England, The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 15491588, Conformity and Orthodoxy in the English Church, 15601660, Translating Trent? Nonetheless, Regnans in Excelsis was a mistake although not because it was undeserved. The See of Peter was at this moment [one year before . But he would not do so unless she was likely to submit, or firm plans were in place to depose her. Saint Pius V: The Legendary Pope Who Excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I, Standardized the Mass, and Defeated the Ottoman Empire: Professor Roberto De Mattei: 9781644134610: Amazon.com: Books Books Christian Books & Bibles Catholicism Enjoy fast, FREE delivery, exclusive deals and award-winning movies & TV shows with Prime The Catholics under Elizabeth were not unmolested in her early reign and they were fined or imprisoned if they didnt pay them. In 1570 Pope Pius V issued the bull Regnans in Excelsis, which excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I, deprived her of her right to rule, and released her subjects from obedience to her. Pius then issued a Papal bull, Regnans in Excelsis ("Reigning on High"), dated 27 April 1570, that declared Elizabeth I a heretic and released her subjects from their allegiance to her. The , Group Solving a Crossword on the Train Happens in London, The New Crossword Craze: Gen Z Surpasses Baby Boomers in Puzzling Fun, Studies Show The Benefits Of Puzzles For Brain Health, Cryptic Crossword and Learning Connection, Nytimes Crossword in Augmented Reality on Instagram, But what is a Crossword? The Pope also encouraged Catholic priests to undertake secret missionary. 6 Walsham, Alexandra, The Spider and the Bee: The Perils of Printing for Refutation in Tudor England, in King, John, ed., Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning (Cambridge, 2010), 16390.Google Scholar, 7 Marotti, Arthur, Religious Ideology and Cultural Fantasy: Catholic and Anti-Catholic Discourses in Early Modern England (Notre Dame, IN, 2005)Google Scholar; Pollard Brown, Nancy, Paper Chase: The Dissemination of Catholic Texts in Early Modern England, English Manuscript Studies 1 (1989), 12043;Google Scholar Havens, Earle, Notes from a Literary Underground: Recusant Catholics, Jesuit Priests, and Scribal Publication in England, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 99 (2005), 50538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar. "Elizabeth, the pretended queen of England and the servant of crime, has As a young man, Michele Ghislieri was eager to join the inquisition. But some, though few in number, did not. A new Pope was elected and saw Elizabeth as a heretic and now apostate and an enemy. 169, Thomas Butler, earl of Ormond to Sir Henry Sidney, 11 June 1571. English Catholicism and the Counter Reformation, The Spider and the Bee: The Perils of Printing for Refutation in Tudor England, Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning, Religious Ideology and Cultural Fantasy: Catholic and Anti-Catholic Discourses in Early Modern England, Paper Chase: The Dissemination of Catholic Texts in Early Modern England, Notes from a Literary Underground: Recusant Catholics, Jesuit Priests, and Scribal Publication in England, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, The Northern Rebellion of 1569: Faith, Politics, and Protest in Elizabethan England, Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs Preserved Principally at Rome in the Vatican Archives and Library, Calendar of Manuscripts of the Most Honourable Marquis of Salisbury, preserved at Hatfield House, The Early Modern Papacy: From the Council of Trent to the French Revolution, The Construction of Martyrdom in Early Modern England, 15581603, Memoirs of Missionary Priests, and other Catholics of Both Sexes that have suffered Death in England on Religious Accounts from the Year 1577 to 1684, Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, and in other Libraries of Northern Italy, Calendar of Letters and State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Simancas, 15801586, Faith and Fatherland in Sixteenth-Century Ireland, The Social and Economic Consequences of the Desmond Rebellion of 157983, Letters and Memorials of Father Robert Persons, Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, The Contemporary Printed Literature of the English Counter-Reformation Between 1558 and 1640, Conversion, Politics, and Religion in England, 15801625, Zurich Letters; comprising the Correspondence of several English Bishops and others, with some of the Helvetian Reformers, during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, Southwell's Remains: Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern England, Texts and Cultural Change in Early Modern England, Redrawing the Map of Early Modern English Catholicism, Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion and various other Occurrences in the Church of England during Queen Elizabeth's Reign, A caueat for Parsons Howlet, concerning his vntimelye flighte, and schriching in the cleare daylighte of the Gospell, Viewe of a Seditious Bul Sent into Englande, from Pius Quintus Bishop of Rome, anno. They included important members of the nobility, notably the young and admirable Earl of Northumberland, Thomas Percy (of whom more soon). Pius IV, St Pius Vs predecessor, had apparently been ready to do a deal with Elizabeth. Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Tower of London and sentenced to death. 47 Bullinger, Heinrich, A Confutation of the Popes Bull, transl. While most were loyal to the throne, some used the This bull made life very difficult for Catholics in England because their spiritual leader was now calling on them to disobey their queen and calling her a pretender, and it led to Elizabeth Is government passing harsher recusancy laws tp protect the queen. The pope's bull was issued to support this rebellion. Four hundred and fifty years ago, on February 25, 1570, Pope St Pius V issued the bull Regnans in Excelsis excommunicating Elizabeth I, Queen of England. This bull not only excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I, it also freed her Catholic subjects from their allegiance to her and called on the English people to disobey her orders, mandates and laws. The Northern Rebellions 1569 temporarily restored the Mass in the North and threatened to sweep over London. He was a soldier of Christ in a time of insurrection and rebellion, when in a spiritual sense, martial law was proclaimed."[8]. 35 TNA, SP 53/19, fol. 29 Jun 2023 16:03:55 At Parma he advanced thirty propositions in support of the papacy and against Protestantism. This bull excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I from the Catholic Church. Sign up to our newsletter, Mauris accumsan mi nec orci volutpat, eu imperdiet tellus tempus. Elizabeth wasnt just going to get away with it as far as Rome was concerned and she had Catholic nobles who were prepared to go further in favour of Mary Queen of Scots, her recent unwelcome guest. At the age of fourteen he entered the Dominican Order, taking the name Michele, passing from the monastery of Voghera to that of Vigevano, and thence to Bologna. "The Life of Queen Elizabeth.". The new pope, Pius V, did not like Elizabeth. Crossword Clue, Entree with its own particular knife Crossword Clue, What makes wasabi green at most sushi restaurants Crossword Clue, Presidential candidate Haley Crossword Clue. -she spent 100,000 at the start of her reign on military arms, indicating she thought invasion was her biggest problem. Severe sanctions were imposed against blasphemy, adultery, and sodomy. It was the official decree of excommunication on her and it also declared an ipso facto excommunication on anyone who did not deny allegiance to her. Although the papal bull, entitled Regnans in Excelsis, declared Elizabeth deposed and released her subjects from their obedience, it has received relatively little attention in histories of the English Reformation and post-Reformation English Catholicism. Instead, it unleashed decades of often bloody persecution. Elizabeth had been crowned by a Catholic bishop, the amiable Owen Oglethorpe of Carlisle, the only surviving archbishop (Heath of York) having refused. She was not the first Tudor monarch who this happened to; her father, Henry VIII, was also excommunicated after breaking away from the Catholic church so that he could divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth was excommunicated from the Church of England in 1559. 109, confession of Christopher Byers, 21 September 1586. The Jesuit mission was a direct response to new laws against Catholics and the Jesuits saw the dilemma people had first hand. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. 36, Offers of Queen Elizabeth to James VI, 17 February 1581; SP 78/7, fols 38, 43, Lord Cobham to Sir Francis Walsingham 12 and 28 March 1582; BL, Cotton/Caligula MS C/II, fol. Why did Elizabeth I get excommunicated? Like her Her celebrated via media was a middle way between one form of Protestantism and a less radical one, not a half-way house between Geneva and Rome. The Tudors ruled England for over 150 years as one of the country's most powerful families. England's greatest monarchs, and according to Thomas Fuller, was also This, of course, placed England's Catholics in a Although his will requested he be buried in Bosco, Pope Sixtus V built a monument in the chapel of SS. of excommunication. Thousands were joining in. This bull not only excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I, it also freed her Catholic subjects from their allegiance to her and called on the English people to disobey her orders, mandates and laws. The papal bull excommunicated Elizabeth and stated that English Catholics were not required to obey her. 40 TNA, SP 12/211, fol. The popes orders put English Catholics in an impossible situation if they obeyed the Pope, Gods representative on Earth, then they had to disobey their queen. She was executed on February 8, 1587. Categories: Elizabeth ITags: Elizabeth I excommunication, excommunication of Elizabeth I, Copyright 2023 The Anne Boleyn Files Those born . Relations with Rome for the last decade had been kinda o.k but then went sour with the need for this Excommunication. As the cardinals conferred with each other more intensely, the number of those who looked to Ghislieri increased, and this led eventually to his election as the new pope on the afternoon of 8 January 1566. Englands Henry VIII had only narrowly escaped it at the hands of Paul III. And we do command and Interdict all and every the Noblemen, Subjects, People, and others aforesaid, that they presume not to obey her, or her Monitions, Mandates, and Laws: And those which shall do the contrary, We do innodate with the like Sentence of Anathema. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Things were worse for Catholics who now could not conform and thus were suspected of being traitors. The admirable Thomas Percy, now beatified (how many other English earls have been raised to the altars? It threatened excommunication for those who did obey her. As you will notice, not only did this bull excommunicate Elizabeth I, it also declared that she was a pretender and released her subjects from their allegiance to her. Pius V arranged the forming of the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire, as the result of which the Battle of Lepanto (7 October 1571) was won by the combined fleet under Don John of Austria. lordship, dignity and privilege whatsoever.". Hostname: page-component-7ff947fb49-j6tc7 He is venerated as a saint of the Catholic Church. He was prepared to back any plots to remove her although the Bull doesnt say to kill her. It also excommunicated any that obeyed her orders. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. 1618 (24th or 25th) Death of Elizabeth Carey (ne Spencer, other married name Eure), Lady Hunsdon, literary patron and wife of Sir George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon, from a palsie. Pope Pius V was beatified by Pope Clement X in the year 1672,[30] and was later canonized by Pope Clement XI (170021) on 22 May 1712.[31][32]. Find out more about the bull and its impact in today's talk. Please join us on our 130 year mission by supporting us. Moreover, all her subjects were charged not to dare obey her orders, mandates and law under pain of excommunication themselves. Sacramento in the Liberian basilica. trying position. On the second Desmond Rebellion and the English response, see McCormack, Anthony, The Social and Economic Consequences of the Desmond Rebellion of 157983, Irish Historical Studies 34 (2004), 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Many hundreds were slaughtered. In France, where his influence was stronger, he took several measures to oppose the Protestant Huguenots. At least ten priests captured in the 1580s used this strategy. Healing Prayers to Heal the Body, Mind, and Soul. In cases where two or more answers are displayed, the last one is the most recent. We are raising $250,000 to safeguard the Herald as a world-leading voice in Catholic journalism and teaching. 1 / 85 What were some problems over the years in the Church? [16] Pius V also helped financially in the construction of Valletta, Malta's capital city, by sending his military engineer Francesco Laparelli to design the fortification walls (A bronze bust of Pius V was installed at the Gate of Valletta in 1892.). Aware of the necessity of restoring discipline and morality at Rome to ensure success without, he at once proceeded to reduce the cost of the papal court after the manner of the Dominican Order to which he belonged, compel residence among the clergy, regulated inns, and assert the importance of the ceremonial in general and the liturgy of the Mass in particular. [2] He is chiefly notable for his role in the Council of Trent, the Counter-Reformation, and the standardization of the Roman Rite within the Latin Church, known as Tridentine mass. Gregory surely knew in his heart that his predecessor had grossly overstepped the mark. Other works by Clancy, Morey and Holmes discuss the bull but similarly offer no evidence for its circulation and distribution: Clancy, Thomas, Papist Pamphleteers (Chicago, IL, 1964)Google Scholar; Morey, Adrian, The Catholic Subjects of Elizabeth I (London, 1978)Google Scholar; Holmes, Peter, Resistance and Compromise: The Political Thought of Elizabethan Catholics (Cambridge, 1982)Google Scholar. 52 Field, John, A caueat for Parsons Howlet, concerning his vntimelye flighte, and schriching in the cleare daylighte of the Gospell (London, 1581), 878Google Scholar. On February 25, 1570, Elizabeth I found herself excommunicated by the Pope. 24 TNA, SP 78/4A, Lord Cobham to Sir Francis Walsingham, 29 February 1580. If Paris was worth a Mass to Henry IV of France, London was perhaps worth a Book of Common Prayer to her. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. That was the main problem now. Hence the name Cross Words, they cross each other horizontally and vertically. The rising had long since collapsed and a bloody revenge launched. 45 Questier, Michael, Conversion, Politics, and Religion in England, 15801625 (Cambridge, 1996)Google Scholar, 111. Morton reported that it would be widely welcomed. This caused a catholic threat. On 4 January, a courier from Spain arrived, prompting rumors that King Philip II favoured the election of Cardinal Ghislieri. The Pope called her a 'servant of wickedness' who was not the rightful queen. This page is available to subscribers. He fasted, did penance, passed long hours of the night in meditation and prayer, traveled on foot without a cloak in deep silence, or only speaking to his companions of the things of God. Philip Caraman (London, 1951)Google Scholar, 98; TNA, SP 12/144, fol. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . } 15 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of Manuscripts of the Most Honourable Marquis of Salisbury, preserved at Hatfield House, part 2 (London, 1888), 555Google Scholar, examination of the bishop of Ross, 1571. Mass was said once again in Durham Cathedral. [4] Its argument drew on the hierocratic theory of the papacy established by medieval canonists. This kicked her out of the Catholic Church. He created it. Together, the riddles and puzzles embedded in each story form the , Advertisement The NY Times crossword puzzle keeps up with latest tech trends and now you no longer have to get the paper edition of the , Advertisement Crossword Puzzles A crossword is a puzzle with overlapping answer words. For having by strong hand inhibited the exercise of the true Religion, which Mary lawful Queen of famous memory, had by the help of this See restored, after it had been formerly overthrown by Henry the Eighth, a Revolter therefrom; and following and embracing the Errors of Hereticks, she hath removed the Royal Council consisting of the English Nobility, and filled it with obscure men being Hereticks, oppressed the Embracers of the Catholick Faith, placed impious Preachers, Ministers of Iniquity, abolished the Sacrifice of the Mass, Prayers, Fastings, Choice of Meats, Unmarried Life, and the Catholick Rites and Ceremonies. Pius V created 21 cardinals in three consistories including Felice Piergentile who would become Pope Sixtus V. Pius V died on 1 May 1572. 37 Hicks, Leo, ed., Letters and Memorials of Father Robert Persons (London, 1942), 1645Google Scholar. Pope Pius V, OP (Italian: Pio V; . In 1557 he was made a cardinal and named inquisitor general for all Christendom. Elizabeth I excommunicated by the Pope. Exactly what happened next is, once again, unclear. See also ODNB, s.n. Having monstrously usurped the role of supreme head of the Church in all England, she had ejected bishops and priests from their posts and thrown them into prison, where many have long languished and died. Transmitting and Translating the Excommunication of Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. From that date onward, the books of ceremonies speak ever more explicitly of the Pope as wearing a red mantle, mozzetta, camauro and shoes, and a white cassock and stockings.[26][27]. However, in July 2021, Pope Francis issued a new motu proprio, Traditionis Custodes, which abrogated Summorum Pontificum and reinstated the restrictions on the celebration of 1962 Missal. It assesses efforts to distribute both publications of the excommunication, in 1570 and 1580, and what the continuity of these efforts suggests about the bull's reception amongst Elizabeth's subjects. His remains were transferred there on 9 January 1588. URL for this post : https://www.tudorsociety.com/25-february-elizabeth-i-is-excommunicated/. 74, meeting at St James, 16 September 1564; TNA, SP 12/103, fol. Accordingly one Nicholas Morton, sometime canon of York who had fled his homeland and was now a protg of Goldwell in Rome, was sent secretly to England to consult the likes of Thomas Percy to discover how the proposed excommunication would be received; that is, whether it would be accompanied by an uprising. They included William Allen, a leading figure in a group of vigorous English Catholic exiles in Louvain, Belgium, and Thomas Goldwell, the last Catholic bishop of St Asaph, who had made a quick escape soon after Mary died and found his way back to Rome. The Northern Rebellion, an uprising led by Catholic nobles in the north, was the first serious threat to Elizabeth's power. It was illegal to leave the country or enter it as a priest, to reconcile anyone to the Catholic Church, to be reconciled to the Catholic Church, to be a Catholic priest, to hide a Catholic priest and to help them. outside the Roman Church and that the pope alone was successor to Peter Like all Catholics, he believed she was illegitimate, and thus had no right to the throne of England. So the two earls (Northumberland and Westmorland) who were to lead the 1569 rising wrote to him on its very eve, begging for his blessing. 36 BL, Lansdowne MS 33, fols 147147a, 143a144 respectively, letters to the earl of Leicester, 1581. Another 100 plus lay people died for various offences, hiding priests included, refusing to be tried, etc and another unknown number died in prison. The papal bull excommunicated Elizabeth and stated that English Catholics were not required to obey her. Constructor: Daniel Raymon Relative difficulty: Easy-Medium. On 25th February 1570, Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, was excommunicated by Pope Pius V. Here is the text of the Regnans in Excelsis, the papal bull, which was then published and copied in the months following: ".we do out of the fullness of our apostolic power declare the foresaid Elizabeth to be a heretic and favorer of heretics, and her adherents in the matters aforesaid to have incurred the sentence of excommunication and to be cut off from the unity of the body of Christ." In 1588, Pope Sixtus V, in support of the Spanish Armada, renewed the solemn bull of excommunication against Queen Elizabeth I, for the regicide of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587 as well as the previously catalogued offences against the Catholic Church. Bond of Association) - Phillip II was a devout Catholic, who saw it as his life's work to return countries to the Catholic Church - Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570 1567 (24th or 25th) Burial of Sir Thomas White, founder of St John's College, Oxford, in St John's College Chapel. In 1556 he was made Bishop of Sutri by Pope Paul IV and was selected as inquisitor of the faith in Milan and Lombardy. This crossword clue might have a different answer every time it appears on a new New York Times Crossword, so please make sure to read all the answers until you get to the one that solves current clue. 51 A number of letters and memoranda written by and to members of the Privy Council in the 1570s and 1580s point to this: TNA, SP 12/153, fol. On this day in Tudor history, 25th February 1570, Pope Pius V issued the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis. George Carew served as an army captain in Ireland from 1579--80. Manage Settings She was declared a heretic and a traitor by Pope Paul IV. But it was too late. What was she to do with this unwanted royal visitor? She is known for being a literary patron and had works by Edmund Spenser, Thomas Nashe, Thomas Churchyard, Thomas Playfere and Henry Lok dedicated to her. [5], By means of the papal bull of 1570, Regnans in Excelsis, Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth I of England for heresy and persecution of English Catholics during her reign. Parliament, although her private chapel services remained more Catholic for this article. 4 How many Catholics died under Elizabeth 1st? The Bull released. "Pope St. Pius V". He was not a hypocrite: in day-to-day life Pius V was highly ascetic. 130, examination of John Hart, 1580. Regnans in Excelsis was a grievous error not because it was undeserved, but because it came a few weeks too late to sanction the rebellion which it would have legitimised, and would have thus brought England back into the Catholic fold. POPE PIUS V'S BULL AGAINST ELIZABETH (1570) Pius Bishop, servant of the servants of God, in lasting memory of the matter. Four hundred and fifty years ago, on February 25, 1570, Pope St Pius V issued the bull Regnans in Excelsis excommunicating Elizabeth I, Queen of England. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Herbermann, Charles, ed. [5] Pius did not consult any Catholic rulers. the excommunication. Character and policy. Having been unable to sell in churches for well over a year due to the pandemic, we are now inviting readers to support the Herald by investing in our future.