These appear chiefly either in checks of conscience dissuading us from evil, or in godly motions, inciting us to what is right and good. )PeoplePaul, RomansPlacesRomeTopicsGod's, Guided, Led, Sons, SpiritOutline1. The son has "the run of the house." The sad realities of suffering darken his lofty hopes, even although these sad realities are to his faith tokens of joint-heirship with Jesus, and pledges that if our inheritance is here, The Character and Privileges of True Christians, The Condition and Privilege of a Son of God, The Leading of the Spirit an Evidence of Divine Sonship, The Leading of the Spirit the Secret Token of the Sons of God, The Nature and Tokens of the Spirit's Operation, The Privileges and Responsibilities of the Children of God, The leading of the Spirit an evidence of Divine sonship, The leading of the Spirit the secret token of the sons of God, The nature and tokens of the Spirit's operation, The condition and privilege of a son of God, The character and privileges of true Christians. "You did not receive the spirit of slavery to He fights under the eye of the Captain of his salvation. "The Carnal Mind is Enmity against God" (Rom. Indefinitely, if they be led by God's Spirit, they are His children, let them be who they will be. And how unspeakably wealthy are the implications of the great word! (1) Our moral eyesight is blinded. viii. 21). Hodge, D.D.The Spirit is everywhere present. We have noted how he sees, with the clear, keen eye of an apostle, the holy cross in every creature. We have noted how he sees, with the clear, keen eye of an apostle, the holy cross in every creature. Their liberty. Mr. Pitt was once taken by Wilberforce to hear William Cecil; that statesman listened attentively, and when he was retiring, upon being asked by his friend how he liked the statements he had heard, the honest answer was, that he could not understand one single sentence. 19 For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the revealing of the sons of God. 2The Intercession of ChristWho is he that condemneth? Now this being led of the Spirit of God may be very much judged of by us from these observations. R. They are sensible of their ignorance and weakness, and recognise the enlightening and strengthening energy of the Spirit.2. (a)As for his actions, he dares not do anything wilfully that would displease Him (Malachi 1:6). Reverence.2. (b) We are surrounded with a host of spiritual beings, who are continually operating against our safety. By the touch of the electric spark they Rev. )PeoplePaul, RomansPlacesRomeTopicsGod's, Guided, Led, Sons, SpiritOutline1. Thorough. Heirship of glory (ver. With this comes a special characteristic of our service to Christ. We need this Advocate. "The sons of God." Favour and fellowship.4. (Clerical World. This restoration is the source of our deepest joy.4. WHEN DOES THE SPIRIT LEAD THE SONS OF GOD?1. Quote chapter and verse for an action, and, unless you have wrested the passage, you may rest assured you have acted rightly. There is a natural law of sin and sickness, and if we just let ourselves go and sink into the trend of circumstances we shall go down and sink under the power of the tempter. Some of you say: "It is not possible for me to be good; no man ever was perfect, and it is no use for me to try." There are none so far away from false confidence as those who tremble lest they be cherishing it. Right to guardianship of angels (Psalm 91:11; Matthew 18:10; Hebrews 1:14). If any man shall say, "It is no business of mine whether men are lost or saved," the Spirit of God never led him into such inhumanity.5. B. SimpsonDays of Heaven Upon Earth October 12. "The glorious liberty of the children of God" (Rom. "For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free" (Rom. Strutt. To be ever mindful of the world of spirits whereunto we belong; and particularly of that blessed Spirit who presides over us, and whose temple we are, while we behave as becomes us.2. Not mere resemblance. He seems at first sight to add in these words of our text another condition to those already specified, namely, that of suffering with Christ. Confident.3. Thirdly, by our cheerfulness and activity in the ways of God. May such who are led by the Spirit fetch comfort from it? A. Now this being led of the Spirit of God may be very much judged of by us from these observations. In imbuing them continually with a new life.3. We have two Advocates. Such guidance (which often goes under the name of grace) is ascribed to the Father, to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, as it is the common work of all. The sin of the world is a false confidence, a careless, complacent taking for granted that a man is a Christian when he is not. "The law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free" (Rom. be killing you. Shall these "changes in the physical state of the environment" which threaten death to the natural man, destroy the spiritual? (c)More uniformly and constantly. THE DESCRIPTION. Since the benefit of all depends upon our own willing compliance and hearty endeavours, let us make it our constant resolution to attend the motions, and to obey the suggestions of God's Holy Spirit, and so to work out our own salvation with fear and trembling.(D. 35). Text: Romans 8, 18-22. Second Sermon. In the discharge of all their duties they seek His aid.5. (1) Our moral eyesight is blinded. Secondly, those that are led by the Spirit, they are made conformable and like unto God, and have His image stamped upon them. THE QUALIFICATIONS OF THE SPIRIT FOR THIS GUIDANCE.1. viii. Unquestionable.III. Thorough. It is as if a blind man had asked the way to a certain city, and one had not only told him of it, but taken him by the hand to lead him therein. They participate in the inheritance of children.(J. An interest in God Himself, and in His promises, mercies, etc.3. For upon that supposition every good work, word, or thought, would be so entirely God's, that no part of it would be ours. Fools make mock of sin (Proverbs 14:9) . And secondly, for one and the same time. Some of you say: "It is not possible for me to be good; no man ever was perfect, and it is no use for me to try." (1) It leads to the government of the tongue, the control of the passions, the ordering of the conduct. )The nature and tokens of the Spirit's operationD. viii. Say what we will about universal charity, we love our children with a special love.4. Martin LutherEpistle Sermons, Vol. THEIR PROSPECTS.1. It implies following the Spirit (1) As a guide for the intellect seeking light in prayer, and humbly searching the inspired Scriptures. (Clerical World. Not in the paths where the garments will be defiled; not into the scenes of worldly dissipation and amusement, but often through many obstacles (1)To the Cross, where they find rest to their souls. )The happiness of the sons of GodJ. (3)A single eye to God's glory.II. There is no wise man who would offend his guide whom he depends upon for safety and direction. All His unfoldings of Christ, views of God, rebukes, joys, have this for their object the perfection of us in holiness. The loftiest blessing which we can receive is that we should be heirs, possessors of God. There is a twofold leading by the Spirit; the one is common and ordinary, the other is special and peculiar. I don't mean merely that which Rev. Hall.I. To a discovery of Christ as the Saviour (John 16:13, 14). Mine is not "the spirit of bondage." 15).3. The Spirit is the determining principle of the life, and His leading 1. "Ye are not in the Flesh but in the Spirit if So be that the Spirit of God Dwell in You. "According to the Scriptures," and is maintained through the habit and exercise of prayer. 18 For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed to us-ward. It is not by blind suggestions or impulses. First, take it indefinitely. THE EVIDENCE THAT WE ARE "SONS OF GOD." We are joint-heirs with Christ.(U. All who choose to follow are led. He controls all the operations of nature. As to our judging of our whole conduct, and whether, or how far we are conducted by the Holy Spirit, we have a safe rule to go by God's commandments (1 John 3:24; Galatians 5:22-25).IV. "The glorious liberty of the children of God" (Rom. The stars, the birds, the flowers, are God's creatures.2. If we would have a comfortable assurance we must be led by the Spirit in . The Spirit gives light and life to the Word; and the Word gives evidence that the guidance is from the Spirit. Thirdly, inclination, or bowing of the will and affections to close and comply with such truths and motions which are apprehended. If we be led by the Spirit we shall be tender of grieving the Spirit, and doing anything which may be offensive to Him. If so, I am led by the Spirit.2. Resignation. Now for a further clearing of this point still unto us, we may moreover take notice of it in a twofold illustration; the one as holding indefinitely, and the other as holding exclusively. Look at my hand. )The leading of the Spirit an evidence of Divine sonshipJ. Text: Romans 8, 12-17. They have free and certain access to God as their Father (Romans 5:2; Ephesians 3:12). 15).3. Spurgeon. He is a new creature, a son. 14 For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are sons of God. The son has "the run of the house." "That the Righteousness of the Law Might be Fulfilled in Us" (Rom. How can it be? The Word preached is often blest, as well as the Word written, but this can only be the case when the Word preached is in conformity with the Word written. By the Spirit sinners not merely become children of God, but followers.1. The second is as it may be taken, exclusively. This involves 1. By the law of gravitation it naturally falls upon the desk and lies there, attracted downward by that natural law which makes heavy bodies fall Rev. B. SimpsonDays of Heaven Upon Earth October 12. In the former part of this verse the Apostle tells us that in order to be heirs of God, we must become sons through and joint-heirs with Christ. First, by our delight in the Word of God, and our conformity and agreeableness to that. In leading there must be a hand to guide and a foot to follow; good motions on God's part, and motions to good on ours. As the "Spirit of holiness," it is his aim to deepen the impress of the restored image of God in the soul, to increase our happiness by making us more holy, and to advance our holiness by making us more like God. "How may I get a good bargain, enjoy myself, be revenged on my enemy?" Tossed from opinion to opinion, perplexed by conflicting creeds, are you anxiously inquiring, "What is truth?" viii. (2) Trials may befall him; but he knows that "all things work together for good to them that love God." THE EVIDENCE THAT WE ARE "SONS OF GOD." viii. 2. Indefinitely, if they be led by God's Spirit, they are His children, let them be who they will be. 2). So when the Spirit comes into our hearts it goes straight to the conscience and lays hold on that, then it sends a truth down this way to drive out this passion, and another that way to subdue that jealousy, and another that other way to quell that rebellion. The second is the communication of this property to a diversity and plurality of persons "As many as are led." Bickersteth. viii. Our answer must depend on our idea of the nature of the Spirit of God and His relations to us. 4). Second Sermon. They are joint heirs with Christ, and the time shall come when they shall enter upon a heavenly and immortal inheritance. HIS PRESENT CONDITION. Thirdly, they are members of Christ. They speak the language of children (ver. This may therefore take off the slander which is cast upon religion as a private and singular business, as the invention only of some few persons, which they take up to themselves. He must first lead you to God by conversion. Is not always irresistible. Trust.3. III. "As Many as are Led by the Spirit of God they are the Sons of God" (Rom. Now, gospel truth is just as unintelligible to one who has not been renewed by the Spirit of God. The second is as it may be taken, exclusively. By admission into His Church? To be reconciled to God is practically to be made sons again in a fuller sense than that in which unfallen man was a son in the ignorance and tutelage of childhood. (3)A single eye to God's glory.II. Our answer must depend on our idea of the nature of the Spirit of God and His relations to us. To a discovery of Christ as the Saviour (John 16:13, 14). He leads the sons of God into all truth. IIIFourth Sunday after Trinity Redemption of the Creatures. Sin now appears in all its hateful qualities and effects; as that which has offended God, which condemns, curses, and defiles the soul. The misgiving which will creep sometimes over the brightest faith has already received its expression and its rebuke: "Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? He knows His own work in the soul All its light and shade, its depressions and revivings, its assaults and victories, are vivid to His eye. 14 For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are sons of God. )The sons of GodP. First, take it indefinitely. "It is not subject to the law of God, neither, indeed, can be." Beloved friends, do you know the mistake some of you are making? First, take it indefinitely. Lyth, D.D. 3. Lyth, D.D.1. 15), St. John as a second birth (John 1:12). The Holy Spirit becomes to the consecrated heart the Spirit of intercession. ISAIAH REPRESENTS THAT MORE ADVANCED CULTURE, IN THE ELDER CHURCH, where the original meaning of the revelation at Sinai had begun to come out into a clearness approaching that of the gospel-day. This proposition here before us is to be understood convertibly and by way of reciprocation. Those who are in Christ are free from condemnation. If you are a child of God you will be led by the Spirit.3. The Holy Spirit becomes to the consecrated heart the Spirit of intercession. WHAT IS IT TO BE LED BY THE SPIRIT?1. Beloved friends, do you know the mistake some of you are making? R. B. SimpsonDays of Heaven Upon Earth August 6. The various sciences have distinct nomenclatures which they who are not initiated do not understand. Those who are carried with furious impetuousness are not led by the spirit of meekness. These appear chiefly either in checks of conscience dissuading us from evil, or in godly motions, inciting us to what is right and good. (4) Depends on His provision, expecting such patrimony as He shall bestow upon him, and waiting for it patiently. V)The Revelation of Sons'For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God.' viii. Trust.3. B. SimpsonDays of Heaven Upon Earth October 11. And lastly, it should very much persuade and prevail with Christians to mutual love and charity to one another, forasmuch as they are all led by the same common Spirit. V)Suffering with Christ, a Condition of Glory with Christ'Joint heirs with Christ: if so be that we suffer with Him, that we may be also glorified together.' We might almost have called it a picture. Exclusively, if they be not led by His Spirit, whatever they be else they are none of His children. The son has "the run of the house." we have an infallible interpreter thereof in the Spirit who indited it. We know Rev. The blessed Holy Spirit is our Guide, our Leader, and our Resting-place. "Thou shalt guide me by Thy counsel, and afterwards receive me to glory."(O. To a discovery of Christ as the Saviour (John 16:13, 14). Maintenance of the family honour.5. God loves him too well not to try him. Look at my hand. B. SimpsonDays of Heaven Upon Earth November 8. move us and enable us to put to death the deeds of the body Horton., Thomas Horton, D.D.I. And I am to be at home with the Lord. Leads and instructs in the way of salvation (John 16:7-10). Is not always irresistible. The blessed Holy Spirit is our Guide, our Leader, and our Resting-place. viii. II you are doing nothing for Jesus the Spirit of God has never led you into this idleness.II. )The sons of God led by the Spirit of GodT. )The condition and privilege of a son of GodBp. If so, I am led by the Spirit.2. Christ is engaged to protect and defend them.5. (2)Obedience to God's will. We need this Advocate. It is no use trying to improve the flesh. They feel the confidence of children.6. )Sons of GodT. 1. Thomas. If you are proud, covetous, lustful after worldly gain, false in your statements, and unjust in your actions, the Holy Ghost never led you there. HOW DOES THE SPIRIT LEAD THE SONS OF GOD? IIIFourth Sunday after Trinity Redemption of the Creatures. )Four important questionsJ. Are you above self and self-pleasing in every way? A. F. Adeney, M.A. Thirdly, by our cheerfulness and activity in the ways of God. WHEN DOES THE SPIRIT LEAD THE SONS OF GOD?1. 7). viii. viii. Terrible experiences cannot do it. A contrast with the leading of the spirit of the world, which conducts so many astray.4. Illuminating or enlightening grace, inasmuch as He instils good thoughts and salutary instructions; opening the understanding to receive them (Psalm 19:18; Acts 16:14).2. viii. viii. Here is nothing mystical, fanciful, fanatical. The second is the communication of this property to a diversity and plurality of persons "As many as are led." Where does the Spirit lead them? IIIFourth Sunday after Trinity Redemption of the Creatures. (2) The Spirit also speaks through His ministers. A renovated heart.2. But thanks be to God, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. (1) He may look up to God as his reconciled Father in Jesus. But there is another law of spiritual life and of physical life in Christ Jesus to which we can rise and through which we can counterpoise and overcome the other law that bears us down. There is a variety and diversity of such persons as are thus guided and carried. viii. V)The Revelation of Sons'For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God.' 2. (4) As his course draws nearer and nearer to eternity it grows brighter and brighter.2. IN WHAT MANNER DOES HE OPERATE AND EFFECTUATE WHAT HE DOES. Liberty in deliverance (1)From the bondage of sin,(2)From the slave-like obedience of the subjects of mere law (2 Corinthians 3:17).2. IIIDivine Support and Protection[What shall we say then to these things?] It deals with us as a mother handles her child just beginning to know only her face or her voice (see Isaiah 45:5). (d)More readily and freely. Are you above sickness and the evil forces around that would drag down your physical life into the quicksands? We know Rev. viii. Heirship of glory (ver. (2) And our way is encompassed with peril. What harm comes of the flesh;13. and what good of the Spirit.19. They render the obedience of children.5. And therefore there is no safe and certain rule to go by in such cases, but a strict examination into the nature and quality of the action. 7). 16 The Spirit himself beareth witness with our spirit, that we are children Martin LutherEpistle Sermons, Vol. HOW DOES THE SPIRIT LEAD THE SONS OF GOD?1. The children of God they are led on by His spirit in this. The various sciences have distinct nomenclatures which they who are not initiated do not understand. Heirship. THE PEOPLE OF GOD CHERISH AND ENJOY THE INFLUENCE OF THE SPIRIT, AND THEREBY EVIDENCE THAT THEY ARE THE SONS OF GOD. (3) He directly, apart from the Word, speaks in the hearts of the saints. And secondly, for one and the same time. It is Christ that died, yea rather that is risen again, who is even at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for us! THEIR SPIRIT is 1. How can I know that I am a child of God?3. A. 9-17. They pray for that influence.4. I. R. 14, 16).3. Whosoever are none of the former they are none of the latter. the Bible. Tossed from opinion to opinion, perplexed by conflicting creeds, are you anxiously inquiring, "What is truth?" Have you got above circumstances so that you are not influenced by them? This involves 1. How may this leading of the Spirit be attained? Where does the Spirit lead them? An active and progressive, not a passive and stationary life.2. the Spirit leads us to the fulness of Jesus. THEIR SPIRIT is 1. By the Spirit sinners not merely become children of God, but followers. To the exercise of saving faith in Christ.6. All God's children are heirs, as all are partakers of the Divine nature. He provides for us, defends us, extricates us out of our difficulties, instructs us, corrects us, makes us privy to His plans, and will eventually take us home to Himself, that we may dwell for ever in our Father's house.Conclusion:1. Hall. Have you got above circumstances so that you are not influenced by them? Reverence.2. )The character and privileges of true ChristiansClerical World.I. The sin of the world is a false confidence, a careless, complacent taking for granted that a man is a Christian when he is not. Lyth, D.D.1. (4) As his course draws nearer and nearer to eternity it grows brighter and brighter.2. 4. The various sciences have distinct nomenclatures which they who are not initiated do not understand. One has reference to mere natural descent or begetting, irrespective of any tender, filial feeling, The other, used when sons of God in Christ are intended, includes an affectionate and sacred dependence, or lovingness of the child's and the parent's heart. Grace is one and the same for substance in all sorts of Christians, and they are led by the same Spirit of God, which is the worker and preserver of it in them there where it is wrought. 2). Practice (Ezekiel 36:27).(Bp. Whenever you see a man fanatical and wild, whatever spirit is in him it is not the Spirit of Christ.III. Thus from sinful self, as from righteous self, the Spirit leads us (2) To Christ. As a consolation. He fights under the eye of the Captain of his salvation. The various sciences have distinct nomenclatures which they who are not initiated do not understand. In leading there must be a hand to guide and a foot to follow; good motions on God's part, and motions to good on ours. This privilege 1. Do not confound with it transient emotions, occasional convictions, fitful resolutions, and short-lived periods of a reformation of life.4. By the law of gravitation it naturally falls upon the desk and lies there, attracted downward by that natural law which makes heavy bodies fall Rev. 15 For ye received not the spirit of bondage again unto fear; but ye received the spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba, Father. "Ye are not in the Flesh but in the Spirit if So be that the Spirit of God Dwell in You. The stars, the birds, the flowers, are God's creatures.2. On the other hand, truth is like a closed chamber to the unregenerate man.4. The loftiest blessing which we can receive is that we should be heirs, possessors of God. He who will watch for providences shall never want a providence to watch. As God's children let us evermore seek to be led by His Spirit.(T. (3)To the house of God(4)To the Lord's table. Let us see, then, how a man may know that he is led by the Spirit of God. Are we tempted? Huntington. The temptation is strong of being biassed by the profound research, the distinguished talents, the exalted piety, and admired example of men. experience, not just an idea or a future promise. God Himself is His greatest gift. He operates on the minds of men, endowing and controlling them. As the "Spirit of holiness," it is his aim to deepen the impress of the restored image of God in the soul, to increase our happiness by making us more holy, and to advance our holiness by making us more like God. Now if any man have not the Spirit of Christ he is none of His" (Rom. How must I prove that I am a child of God?4. We cannot explain His mode of operation, but probably it is somewhat in the same way in which our spirits operate upon other men's spirits. Now this being led of the Spirit of God may be very much judged of by us from these observations. Tossed from opinion to opinion, perplexed by conflicting creeds, are you anxiously inquiring, "What is truth?" We have two Advocates. A. To all those who come home the door is open.2. It assumes (1) The existence of spiritual life in those He leads. We need this Advocate. 13). What is he without a guide in the wilderness, a pilot on the ocean? There are many that go the same way and are in the like manner inclined. The glory of the new creation, then, is not only that it recreates the human spirit, but that it fits Rev. Left to self-guidance he possesses vast and uncontrollable powers of self-destruction. That is the great contrast between lodgings and home. B. SimpsonDays of Heaven Upon Earth November 8. Lyth, D.D. His presence is not discerned by mystic signs: we do not see it in a burning bush or in cloven tongues of fire, we do not hear it in a mighty rushing wind, or in a still small voice; but as we do not sea the air above us, nor even hear it in the calm of summer, yet we perceive its existence by the gentle stirring of the trees, the strong flight of birds, the slow sailing of great clouds; so the unseen and silent Spirit reveals His presence by the life He brings, the influence He exerts.2. God loves him too well not to try him. 16), and the "fruits of the Spirit" (Galatians 5:22).(J. Now, of course, whatever may be the operation of suffering in fitting for the possession of Alexander MaclarenRomans, Corinthians (To II Corinthians, Chap. It is as if a blind man had asked the way to a certain city, and one had not only told him of it, but taken him by the hand to lead him therein. viii. "For the Law of the Spirit of Life in Christ Jesus Hath Made Me Free" (Rom. Here "the Spirit" is not a mere influence exerted on character as by a foreign benefactor; it is an inwrought and essential principle of the believer's life. (d)The glory and blessedness of heaven (Psalm 73:24).2. Rev. By our natural birth? He leads the sons of God into all truth. They were under the dominion of sin, the tyranny of Satan, the curse of the law, and consequently the sting of death.3. It depends upon our will and action (ver. What is it, then, that distinguishes them?I. B. SimpsonDays of Heaven Upon Earth October 21. Now this is considerable with a double reference, either first of all to our first conversion; or, secondly, to our following conversation. That is the mistake many of you are making. He calls us His children, and we may call Him our Father. 31-39. Who can get between the love of Christ and me? There is 1. Have you got above circumstances so that you are not influenced by them? This implies 1. Nothing is taken away that Isaiah had said, only much is added.2. A. His presence is not discerned by mystic signs: we do not see it in a burning bush or in cloven tongues of fire, we do not hear it in a mighty rushing wind, or in a still small voice; but as we do not sea the air above us, nor even hear it in the calm of summer, yet we perceive its existence by the gentle stirring of the trees, the strong flight of birds, the slow sailing of great clouds; so the unseen and silent Spirit reveals His presence by the life He brings, the influence He exerts.2. God Himself is His greatest gift. Like the weights on yonder clock, which keep it going, our very difficulties will prove incentives to faith and prayer, and occasions Rev. God loves him too well not to try him. He feels a parent's sympathy for us, and He fulfils all a parent's duty. I agree with the first sentence, "No man ever was perfect"; but I don't agree with the second, "There is no use trying." In the discharge of all their duties they seek His aid.5. In conclusion: Beware of being guided by any other than the Spirit of God. This appears to be so in regard of the same effects, which it works in several persons. IN WHAT MANNER DOES HE OPERATE AND EFFECTUATE WHAT HE DOES.1. "It is not subject to the law of God, neither, indeed, can be." And secondly, for one and the same time. B. SimpsonDays of Heaven Upon Earth October 12. If no light comes from thence kneel down and pray. But filial disposition. Many Christians try to do this disagreeable work themselves, and they are going through a continual crucifixion, but they can never accomplish the work permanently. G. If the Spirit leads us it is to govern and control our Words and actions (Titus 2:10-15; Isaiah 48:17, 18; Galatians 5:16-25; 1 John 3:1-10).2. Hodge, D.D. THE WORK OF THE SPIRIT. His presence is not discerned by mystic signs: we do not see it in a burning bush or in cloven tongues of fire, we do not hear it in a mighty rushing wind, or in a still small voice; but as we do not sea the air above us, nor even hear it in the calm of summer, yet we perceive its existence by the gentle stirring of the trees, the strong flight of birds, the slow sailing of great clouds; so the unseen and silent Spirit reveals His presence by the life He brings, the influence He exerts.2.